used continuous chain broaches. , so that the basic process time and auxiliary time are greatly reduced, so the. used continuous chain broaches

 
 , so that the basic process time and auxiliary time are greatly reduced, so theused continuous chain broaches  CNC; Plastics Machinery; Support Equipment & Accessories; FabricationHarold Godwinson, last Anglo-Saxon king of England, as depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry

Check out our chain dangle brooch selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our brooches shops. (252) $18. 27. Welcome! Log into your account. 99 $ 11. Read also: Shaper. Brand. More than 60 horizontal, vertical, high-speed, and continuous chain broaching machines ; 54,000 square foot Midwest facility; Capacity for high-volume production work; Entire department devoted to wire EDM Expert in-house broach designers and toolmakers to quickly respond to your tooling needs; Fully-trained staff on premises; Equipment. Wear the same metal, or a similar style or color to tie the group together. This process is widely used in automobile industries for machining various holes, key ways, gears etc. This brilliant ornament is pinned onto the left side of the garment, just above the heart. Its origin is in the ribbon that was used to secure a jewel to a robe and turned into a popular motif itself. DETROIT CH-66 Continuous Chain Broaches for sale by Broaching Machine Specialties - - Michigan, United States - #8Type: CONTINUOUS CHAIN Manufacturer: LAPOINTE Model: CH-75-192 Location: United States, Michigan YOM:- Condition: Used Date posted: 2012-10-30Traducciones en contexto de "used continuous" en inglés-español de Reverso Context: Enhance thermal design, can be used continuous for long time. Please examine the following pages to determine whether your workpiece can be accommodated by one of our stock keyway broaches. USD ($) USD - United States Dollar (US$) EUR - Euro (€) GBP - British Pound (£). Broaches and broaching machines can have high acquisition costs, but, because broaching is so efficient, the cost per part is typically low. Browse our full range of antique brooches and pins, beautiful pieces of jewellery in a diverse mix of styles, from the Georgian, Victorian, Edwardian, and Art Deco eras. V W Broaching Service was founded in 1955 by George W. Post a FREE Wanted Request and companies will contact you directly. DETROIT VTT-10-66. There are two basic types of polymerization, chain-reaction (or addition) and step-reaction (or condensation ) polymerization . Chain saws or belt saws with diamond-set teeth are used to cut softer stones such as marble, sandstone, and slate. 98 $9. Swarovski Swan Stamp 8mm Bezel Crystal 36" Pink Silver Tone Continuous Necklace. Second of all, etymologically, the words are identical. The continuous model software Kongoh (20) utilizes MLE. On a Cardigan. Machining Centers, Gantry (incld. ₹1,299. One of the most common types of polymer reactions is chain-reaction. Internal broaches create internal holes in. This task was accomplished by describing gating of GJs using the formalism of the stochastic automata networks (SANs), which. Listed on Mar 14, 2023Broaching is a common machining process that’s used to selectively remove material from a workpiece. Specs. Frequently made of gold, 18k gold and yellow gold, this item was constructed with great care. With conventional broaching, a special machine pushes or pulls a toothed cutting tool called a broach over or through a metal surface to create a polygon shape, such as a spline or keyway. Post a FREE Wanted Request and companies will contact you directly. Chain broaching is oriented towards high volume production, and is an extremely fast and efficient operation. Fixtures are mounted at intervals on the chain and travel in a continuous path with the chain. Rs. 2) Rotary Broach. Bridge & Double Column) Air Tools, DC Elect Tools & Access. DETROIT VP-25-90. CNC; Plastics Machinery; Support Equipment & Accessories; FabricationHarold Godwinson, last Anglo-Saxon king of England, as depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry. 99 $ 23. Remove from Alerts. The face of the broach tool is the apex of the 1 degree and is located on the same centerline as the workpiece. False friends. 3. Type. Chain broaching is oriented towards high volume production, and is an extremely fast and efficient operation. Chain Brooches. Vertical Broaching Machines. Broaches are classified as multiple-point cutting tools, in that they have two or more cutting edges. The movement can be straight, horizontal, or circular. 85 $ 23. At one point, people even skipped the jeweler entirely, and wore live lizards as brooches and hair ornaments. See Fig. e. 14Kt Gold Permanent Jewelry Supplies Starter Kit. Pshaw. TiN (Titanium nitride) coated carbide tool is used for longer tool life. Such machines are used for broaching small parts. Model. 1910. It makes the broaching faster as compared to the cutting operation of other materials. Having a saw-toothed edge or margin notched with toothlike projections: serrate leaves. In continuous broaching, the workpiece is constantly moving while the broach is held stationary. Our highly trained operators will handle every single piece with care. CH-144 . Such broaches are passed over the workpiece surface to be cut, or the workpiece passes over the tool on horizontal, vertical or chain machines to produce flat or contoured surfaces. If horizontal broaching is not the service you are looking for click here to view our. Broaching Services. In conclusion, when performing root canal treatment, the characteristics of the instrument and the tooth must be taken into account, and the operator’s own limitations should be known. Broaching Machines are effective in removing metal, detailed machining finishes and are great for tight tolerance. Art Deco Large Shield Shaped Brass and Blue Czech Glass Brooch with Chain and Heart Dangles, Unmarked. Gay men have historically used clothing to signal identities. Brand. Chain conveyor systems often have a lower profile and thus are more suitable for lower seam workings. Popularity. With over 60 horizontal, vertical, high-speed, and continuous chain broaching machines and a fully-trained staff on our premises, we can handle nearly any size part. The two monomers are benzene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid and 1,4-diaminobenzene. Type. Sharing is Caring :)- Broaching is a machining process with a special designed multi point cutting tool called broach. ser·rat·ed, ser·rat·ing, ser·rates To make (something) serrate. Keywords: design, endodontics, NiTi, rotary files, rotation. 40 TON AMERICAN CNC HYDRAULIC HORIZONTAL BROACH, NEW 2003, SERIAL NO 96148, MODEL H40-90,. The 10 Most Rare and Valuable Vintage Costume Jewelry in the World Today. ₹29900. In 2006, fashion designer Jared Gold grossed out fans of America's Next Top Model with his "roach brooches"—live hissing cockroaches decked out with crystals and sold as wearable jewelry for $60. During the operation, the broach is fixed as previously. SearchAn ISO 9001:2015 certified company and one of the largest specialty machine shops in the Midwest, V W Broaching Service offers rapidly crafted, highly precise and rigidly tested straight sided spline broaching to meet your exacting specifications. PRO TIP: secure the brooch thru the shawl and if possible, to a garment as well. 14Kt Gold Permanent Jewelry Supplies Starter Kit. , so that the basic process time and auxiliary time are greatly reduced, so the. Looking for a USED CH-75-192? Have one to sell? Add to Alerts. $1. 00. broach stroke capacities. Find items by using the. v. There’s no better way to liven up your collar than with a unique piece from our collection of vintage and antique brooches and pins. Internal and external keyways can be cut using broaches of this type. 3A151T. CH-75-192. Korean Bridegroom Wedding Brooches Cloth Art Hand-made Rose Flower Brooch Lapel Pin Badge Tassel Chain Men's Suit Accessories. Hatching. Limited Edition Peace Cross 1975 24" Pendant Necklace. Vertical Surface Broaches (Dual Ram) (4) Continuous Chain Broaches (3) Vertical Surface Broaches (Single Ram) (3) Broach Sharpeners (2) Horizontal Broaches (2). Search for used continuous chains. Gem: Shell Cameo. Continue to work on the other side of the chain, dc inc, dc, dc, hdc, sc, sl st in the last. Specs. Having a saw-toothed edge or margin notched with toothlike projections: serrate leaves. Everything hanging off from the side is a side-chain. But today, the more. An example of a vertical broaching. Continuous broaching machine : Used for mass production of small parts. Carbide broaches are used for broaching of harder material like cast iron. Star & Moon Chain Brooch, Rhinestone Tassel Chain Collar Clip, Goth Punk Pin, Coat Dress Scarf Brooch, Suit Collar Brooch Lapel Pin, Jewelry (308) Sale Price $20. Broaching is a machining process that uses a toothed machining tool, called a broach, to cut material from a workpiece. For the SF—047—LA mix, even though s/b was the lowest among all of the mixes, corresponding transitions. Dover Jewelry inspects, repairs and appraises every antique, estate and vintage piece of jewelry we sell. 2. The shift from batch to continuous production methods is transforming the future of pharmaceutical manufacturing. 25. and chain saws. Manufacturer:. 5. List: $9. Chain conveyors utilize a powered continuous chain arrangement, carrying a series of single pendants. 6 to 15 mts/minute | Coolant capacity:. Type: VERTICAL PRESS TYPE Manufacturer: Elmass Model: P36 Location: Netherlands, BABBERICH YOM: 1980 Condition: Used Date posted: 2020-12-01 2020-12-01 Broaching is a machining process where a sharp, hardened, toothed tool removes material from a workpiece in a consistent, continuous, and accurate way. 95. e. Vertical Surface Broaches (Dual Ram) Used - Excellent | Michigan, United States. 4. USD ($) USD - United States Dollar (US$) EUR - Euro (€) GBP - British Pound (£). Fig. With more than 2 million stems 1 provided for patients worldwide and thirty years of clinical heritage, the CORAIL ® Total Hip System now has the most extensive experience with a hydroxyapatite (HA) coated stem. They are connected by an endless chain. On the sprockets, there is continuous travel of an endless chain having a series of fixtures mounted on it. For example, in the molecule. Archaeological finds in Anglo-Saxon cemeteries have provided the. your username. Nickel steel is used to manufacture IC engine valves, turbine blades, clock pendulum, measuring instruments. 1200 Series Chain Wound Movement Parts; 3 Weight Tubular Bell Movement Parts; 5 Tubular Bell Electric 120 Movement Parts; Chime Blocks; Chime Rods; Herschede Dials;. Find new and used Continuous Chain Broaching Machines for sale from suppliers near you. Traducción Context Corrector Sinónimos Conjugación. First of all, broach is somewhat frequently used as a noun to mean brooch. The bow is one of the most prevalent features of Baroque jewelry. Shop Women Shop. Liberty Machinery is a highly respected used machinery dealer with over 25 years of experience and a reputation of adhering to the highest standards in buying and selling. An example of a vertical broaching. 12) represent the oldest endodontic instruments, manufactured as early as the mid‐nineteenth century. Chain Length: 3 Inches. Our Broach Approach. Loading. 2. 88 (10% off) Vintage Moon Star Cross Heart Dangling Charm Bar Brooch. Victorian Revival brass brooch with dangling chains. The broaches are fixed horizontally above the chain. Typically, a chain conveyor is a double strand configuration with the load to be found on the chains. tr. . ( tr) to open in order to begin to use: to broach a shipment. Brooches Suit & Tie Accessories Cuff Links All Accessories Backpacks. Lapointe, Colonial, Oilgear and more. CH-120 . Broaching Industries provides high production broach services including custom manufacturing of broaches, broaching design, and broach tooling. 3. Forming a row of small sharp projections resembling the teeth of a saw: serrate teeth. White Zircon Connector Chain, Continuous Connector Chain, Oxidized Connector Chain, Jewelry Making Supplies, GemMartUSA (BPWT-20043) GemMartUSA . However, they're sometimes weaker than other types of jewelry attachments and less attractive if you're using cord. I like to attach it to my bra strap to ensure it stays in place. Rotary Broaching Machine0 new & used California continuous chain broach item for sale in California. Vintage Faux Pearl Safety Pin BroochThis Chains item by walkersvintagejewels has 7 favorites from Etsy shoppers. Brooches Suit & Tie Accessories Cuff Links All Accessories Backpacks. 7. Then you use numbers to locate every group on the main chain. Then, find a place on the clasp where you can secure a bobby pin, and use that to attach the pin to your hair. Free shipping. Small, Medium. DETROIT VTT-10-66 Vertical Surface Broaches (Dual Ram) for sale by Broaching Machine Specialties - Used - Excellent - Michigan, United States - #5Broaches and broaching machines can have high acquisition costs, but, because broaching is so efficient, the cost per part is typically low. Brands for Metalworking and Woodworking Machinery, Fabrication Equipments, Tooling - Browse our worldwide directory of brands to find models, photos, contact information and much more. Definition Broaching is a material removal process using a multiple-edged tool whose cutting edges are arranged in a line and with an offset hz (also known as “rise per tooth. The complement of a broach and the fixtures that hold it, and/or the part that it is cutting, is referred to as broach tooling. As fashions changed so too did the look and style of the brooches. Fit the key snugly and round the edges on broaches with key-type pull ends. There are two main types of broaching: linear and rotary. Pot broaches: This is ideal for the cylindrical workpiece. The ball-and-stick models of these two compounds show them to be isomers; both have the molecular formula C4H10. Brooches from the Anglo-Saxon era featured 6 th century Scandinavian influence. A chain conveyor is driven by a continuous chain and is mainly used to carry heavy loads. Brand. Brooches are frequently decorated with enamel or with gemstones and may be solely. While traditionally done in shell, banded onyx has been used in cameo work - particularly in Greece and Italy - for hundreds, if not thousands, of years. Typical Broached Jobs 11. $24. 30A Member for. (In cyclic alcohols, the carbon atom bearing the OH group is designated C1, but the 1 is not used in the name. 25. CONTINUOS HORIZONTAL CHAIN BROACHING DETROIT CHAIN BROACH CH-120. Roschman, in a small basement rental space in the heart of Chicago. 3. horiz. Archaeological finds in Anglo-Saxon cemeteries have provided the. While the trend has changed over time. This machine mounts a series of plates on a continuous chain. Loading. com Surface broaching is a generic term used in the broaching industry to refer to broaching any external surface or surfaces of a piece part. DETROIT CH-66. Each application of vertical broaching usually consists of a custom made tooling package, and a fixture to hold and secure the piece part. The machine has two rotating drums. This transition is especially true for daywear, partly due to. ser·rat·ed, ser·rat·ing, ser·rates To make (something) serrate. Set of the most used cutting broach sizes for general purpose work. Final cost of the machining is one of the lowest for mass production. 62mm in width. ) A stem name (Table 12. We will not use that prefix here because. And a handkerchief worn in the right-back pocket connotes a submissive sexual role. The chain arrangement is driven by a motor, and the materialThe bow is one of the most prevalent features of Baroque jewelry. Used to remove the intact pulp ‘Barbs’ on the broach snag the pulp to facilitate removal They need to be used cautiously as they can bind and break in the canal ; Varieties. HORIZONTAL CONTINUOUS BROACHING MACHINES- Workpieces are loaded into work holding fixtures mounted on continuously moving chain & broach is stationary. There are light surface scuffs but no major scratches. *Partial inventory listing only. 5k) $ 40. Discontinued Model. This is because these surface broaching machines have a continuous chain where workpieces are mounted, eliminating the need of a return stroke. Add to Favorites American Victorian 14k Yellow Gold Brooch Pin. Broaching is a subtractive manufacturing process that produces features by removing material form a part with a toothed tool known as a broach. In this article we will discuss about:- 1. BMS is an independently owned, American company. The common material used for broach is high-speed steel. Conjugación Documents Diccionario Diccionario Colaborativo Gramática Expressio Reverso Corporate. Email This Model to an Associate. The hex-shaped holes these broaches create are useful for holding hex-head. And since this staple item gets worn a lot, it’s easy to think of it as boring. In linear broaching,. Looking for a USED CH-75-192? Have one to sell? Add to Alerts. One Size. 2. The Charpy impact test, sometimes called the Charpy v-notch test, has been used to measure a material’s hardness and ductility for over a century. Most surface broaching is done on a vertical machine. Recommended for you. HORIZONTAL CONTINUOUS BROACHING MACHINES- Workpieces are loaded into work holding fixtures mounted on continuously moving chain. Endodontic K files, Hedström files (used as an alternative), finger spreaders. (formerly Dragon Precision Tools) 1261 Wiley Road, Unit K. Contour broaches: These broaches are used for cutting convex curves into a workpiece. Both academics. DETROIT, CH-66, CONTINUOUS CHAIN, BROACHES Condition: Used Category: BROACHES Type: CONTINUOUS CHAIN Manufacturer: DETROIT Model: CH-66 YOM:- Location: United States. Harness. Detroit, Footburt and more. Mahi Men Studded Double Chain Brooch. Broaching machines are driven either electrically or hydraulically. CONTINUOUS HORIZONTAL CHAIN BROACH ING | Broach ing. From classic diamonds in platinum, to a simple bar or circle, to the endlessly fun and figural, our vintage brooches have come in nearly every shape and design you can imagine. your password 0b7800 broaches, continuous chain (1) 0b8100 broaches, vertical, surface & pull down, dual ram (17) 0b7854 broaches, horizontal (including comb. Type: CONTINUOUS CHAIN Manufacturer: DETROIT Model: CH-90 Location: United States, Michigan YOM:- Condition: Used Date posted: 2012-10-30The workpiece moves continuously while the broach remains stationary in continuous broaching. Retail $850. Advantages and Limitations of Broaching 3. This type is limited to small parts which can be loaded in these small fixtures. We provide quality used. flexible chain conveyor with a feeder breaker behind a continuous miner. In this page we will discuss the IUPAC naming of alkanes, branched-chain alkanes, alkanes with substituents, and cycloalkanes. Pull-up. Blind spline broaching tools: used in applications that do not allow a conventional internal or external broach to pass over or through a part. Used continuous chain broaching machines from top brands like American, Detroit, Federal, and Ty-Miles at great prices. 9. 559. There are a number of clues you can use to successfully date antique and vintage brooches and pins. Trirex. Notice that C 4 H 10 is depicted with a bent chain in Figure 12. 99. Model. Continuous broaching machines. 1) indicates the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain (LCC). Schreiner New York Black and Pink Champagne Glass Cabochons Ruffle Brooch Pin. Stg Open Sequin Long and Short Chain Footage Series. Continuous Chain Broaches. A free spinning bearing between the broach and broach. $285 Sale. It is worn as a badge to show the wearer’s flawless personality and pride. comBroaching is a machining process that uses a toothed tool, called a broach, to remove material. However, because the fixtures used to hold the piece parts are mounted on chains that are driven by sprockets, it is. or Best Offer. Only NEW. Read all about the Queen's brooches. Many operations are replaced by broaching due to its high functionality. Discontinued Model. Loose fitting (or sharp edged) key. Continuous Chain Broaches. They are made from. The # 1 place to find new & used continuous chain broaches for sale. Machinery & Equipment / Broaching Machines (Continuous Chain and Horizontal) / Horizontal Broaching Machines 3 Ton x 36" stroke, Detroit broaching machine, late, excellent condition Broaching Machine Specialties | Novi, MI In contrast, chain-type broaching machines allow continuous external machining of workpieces, such as screw wrenches, feet of rotor blades, and brake calipers for disk brakes. The FDA opened up feedback on its draft guidance with input received last December (December 2021), and finalization of the guidance is pending. Broaching Machines & Keyseaters - Horizontal Broaches for sale listings - We have 6 listings for Horizontal Broaches listed below. Surface broaching is fast, and typically more efficient than. The cutting tips become progressively larger across the span of the tool. 1. Broaching is a machining process that uses a toothed tool to remove material in a consistent and accurate way. He is shown wearing a tunic, cloak, and hose. FREE shipping. The Bow Brooch (Figure 5) is a Soumak weave: the pattern is easiest to see where the ends flare out, in the lacy area above the pearls. A broach is a multi-tooth tool. “Retro” jewelry refers to pieces made during the 1940s and ‘50s and are characterized by the use of large and colorful gemstones. A brooch of Shibuichi alloys, silver, and gold by Birgit Duval. 4. Find quality used horizontal surface broaching machines from top brands like LaPointe, Vertex, Colonial, Federal, and American at great prices. 349. The brooch, which reportedly dates to the 1920s, is made to resemble a traditional. Model. Surface broaching takes on many forms and can employ several different types of machines. Meaning of Broaching 2. HEAVY DRIVER® 30pcs Brooch Pins for Women Cover Up Button Pins Instant Button Jeans Button Pins Women Shirt Safety Brooch Enamel Pins Pearl Rhinestone Brooch Buttons for Shirt Coat Dress Sweater. 54. Looking for a USED CH-120? Have one to sell? Add to Alerts. Often Bronze, Silver or Gold was used as the main material as well as precious and semi-precious stones. Horizontal continuous broaching machines. The Rotary Broach Tool Holder can be used on any CNC, Swiss, milling, screw or other turning machine. With horizontal continuous broaching, workpieces are loaded on a fixture that is mounted on a chain. Press Type Broaching Machines. LAPOINTE. Type. The Byzantine period of the 6th to 10th centuries heavily influenced brooches. The broaches are fixed horizontally above the chain. The bearings on the smaller broach toolholders (8-mm shank broaches) are designed to run at speeds as high as 3,400 rpm. Placing them on your lapel is perfectly fine, but I. Chip Space and Chip Breakers 7. Loose fitting (or sharp edged) key. 14/20 GF 2. FREE shipping. Keyway Broaches. Combining basic design features including shape, surface finish and extensive hydroxyapatite coating, with a simple compaction broach-only. Pins used in mid-19th century brooches commonly extend from 1/8" to 1/4" beyond the catch (see illustrations, Fig. There are two main types of broaching: linear and rotary. 27, Norse Inspired Apron Dress Brooch Chain, Little Girls Silver Brooch Pin Chain, Genuine Amethyst, Tibetan Silver (397) $ 85. A crystallization technique using a high-shear rotor-stator chamber to crystallize compounds at a high degree of supersaturation was effective in producing the desired small. The primary goal of this work was to study advantages of numerical methods used for the creation of continuous time Markov chain models (CTMC) of voltage gating of gap junction (GJ) channels composed of connexin protein. The broaching holder serves two functions: It holds the broach tool in a free spinning bearing and places it at a 1-degree angle relative to the centerline of the workpiece. Marks: "10K" Stamped on the reverse. 49. (1. $18. While the gold-plated designs of the late 1930s and 1940s were large and heavy, they became lighter and more feminine during the 1950s. broach. 18). Continuous Chain Broaches. In the horizontal continuous broaching machines the workpiece travel as they are conveyed by a perpetual chain. Straight-chain alkanes are sometimes called normal alkanes, and their names are given the prefix n-. The chemical reaction in which high molecular mass molecules are formed from monomers is known as polymerization. Rotary broach clamped on a broach holder (Source: Gisstec) The broach holder houses the broach and is attached to the tailstock of a lathe. These instruments have “barb-like” cutting surfaces and smooth ends to avoid ledging of the root canal wall. 5 Barbed Broaches and Rasps (ANSI/ADA Specification No. 99/Count) FREE delivery Tue, Nov 21 on $35 of items shipped by Amazon. Search for used horizontal broach machine. Vintage Fabric Camellia Brooch - Price was: $520. D. Application. Continuous improvement implementation models. One chain-type broaching machine can replace multiple external broaching machines and is easy to automate. (formerly Dragon Precision Tools) DTR offers a complete line of coarse pitch to fine pitch hobs including involute, worm, chain sprocket, timing pulley, serration, parallel spline or special tooth shape, shaper cutters and milling cutters for auto, aerospace, wind, mining, construction and other industrial gear cutting applications. Regarding torsional stress resistance, this is mainly influenced by the extension of the access cavity, the coronal preflaring, the glide path, the use of high and low torque engines, the instrumentation technique (crown-down, step back, simultaneous instrumentation technique, etc. 65. Box 1127, Jackson, Michigan 49201, United StatesPot broaching refers to the process of cutting the entire outside diameter of a piece part, using multiple broaches which are held in a broach holder or ‘pot’. 2. Sort by: Items Per Page: 20 | 50. Wing Brooch, 2nd century AD, Metropolitan Museum of Art. E. Sold for €5,737. GitLab is free for individual users and costs $19 per user for teams. You may have preconceptions about pin jewelry, but you'll want to leave them at the door this fall. V W Broaching Service has a great deal of experience in manufacturing the critical tooling. 13 General Page Pin. Find new and used Continuous Chain Broaching Machines for sale from suppliers near you. Buy machinery and equipment from leading dealers across America. This is one of the most traditional models on the list. Tooling used to cut the v-notch in the test must be manufactured to precise specifications. Automotive. Keyway broaches are almost always used to cut the keyways in machine tools and parts because they consist of slender, flat bars that have been fitted out with cutting teeth that are spaced along a single surface. FREE shipping Add to Favorites Vintage 1960s Sweater Clips | 60s Rhinestone Floral Brass Tone Flower Chain Brooches (1. It is simple since only a single reciprocating motion is required for cutting. First, given the structure of an alkane, identify the longest continuous chain of C atoms. 99 Original Price $23. This implied that a lower solution quantity facilitated a quicker solid percolation path, allowing the formation of a continuous chain of hydration products and resulting in a denser microstructure to better propagate the P-wave. 16. Brand.